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  <h1 class="h11">外篇 卷四十 名实</h1>
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<div class="articleContent" id="articleContent"> <p>门人问曰：“闻汉末之世，灵献之时，品藻乖滥，英逸穷滞，饕餮得志，名不准实，贾不本物，以其通者为贤，寒者为愚。其故何哉？”</p><p>抱朴子答曰：“夫雷霆车訇磕，而或不闻焉；七曜经天，而或不见焉。岂唯形器有聋瞽哉！心神所蔽，亦又如之。是以闻格言而不识者，非无耳也；见英异而不知者，非无目也；由乎聪不经妙，而明不逮奇也。夫智大量远者，盘桓以山峙；器小志近者，蓬飞而萍福夫唯山峙，故莫之能动焉；夫唯萍浮，故流而不滞焉。</p><p>方之货也，则缄连以待贾者，唯至珍而难售；鸣鼓以徇之者，虽凡蔽而易荆比之材也，则结根於嵩岱者，虽竦盖千仞，垂荫万亩，而莫之知也；插株途要者，虽钩曲戾细而速朽，而犹见用也。故庙堂有枯杨之瑚簋，穷谷多不伐之梓橡也。</p><p>是以窃华名者，蝼蜥腾於云霄；失实贾者，翠虬沦乎九泉。於是斥鷃凌风以高奋，灵凤卷翮以幽戢，铅锋充太阿之宝，犬羊佻虎狼之资矣。夫佞者鼓珍赂为劲羽，则无高而不到矣；乘朋党 为舟楫，则无远而不济矣。</p><p>持之以夙兴侧立，加之以先意承指，其利口谀辞也似辩，其道听途说也似学，其心险貌柔也似仁，其行污言洁也似廉，其好说人短也似忠，其不知忌讳也似直，故多通焉。且亦奉望我者，欲我益之，不求我者，我不能爱，自然之理也。</p><p>“夫贤常少而愚常多，多则比周而匿瑕，少则孤弱而无援，佞人相汲引而柴正路，俊哲处下位而不见知，拔茅之义圯，而负乘之群兴，亢龙高坠，泣血涟如。故子西逐大圣之仲尼，臧仓毁命世之孟轲。二生不免斯患，降兹亦何足言！斯祸盖与开辟并生，苦之匪唯一世也。历览振古，多同此疾。</p><p>至於驽蹇矫首於王周辇，駥骥委牧乎林坰，彼己尸禄，邦国殄瘁，下凌上替，实此之由。或虫流而莫敛，或逆窜於申亥，或擢筋於庙梁，或绝命於望夷，盖所拔之非真，而忠能之不用也。</p><p>“故明君勤於招贤，而汲汲於擢奇，导达凝滞，而严防壅蔽。才诚足委，不拘於屠钓；言审可施，抽之於戎戍。或举於牛口之下，而加之於群僚之上；或拔於桎梏之中，而任以社稷之重。故能勋业隆济，拓境服远，取威定功，垂统长世也。</p><p>“夫直绳者，枉木之所憎也；清公者，奸慝之所雠也。人主不能运玄鉴以索隐，而必须当途之所举。然每观前代专权之徒，率其所举皆在乎附己者也，所荐者先乎利己者也。毁所畏而进所爱，所畏则至公者也，所爱则同私者也。至公用则奸党 破，众私立则主威夺矣；奸党 破则升泰之所由也，主威夺则危亡之端渐矣。毁所畏则恐辞之不痛，虽刖劓之，犹未弇意焉，故必除之而後快也；彼进所爱则苦谈之不美，虽位超之，犹未逞心焉，故必危彼以安此也。是故抱枉而死，无愆而黜者，有自来矣。</p><p>“所以体道合真，嶷然特立，才远量逸，怀霜履冰，思绵天地，器兼元凯，执经衡门，渊渟岳立。宁洁身以守滞，耻胁肩以苟合。乐饥陋巷，以励高尚之节；藏器全真，以待天年之荆非时不出，非礼不动。结褐嚼蔬，而不悒悒也；黄发终否，而不悢悢也。安肯蹙太山之峻，以适凿枘之中；敛垂天之羽，为戒旦之役？编於仕类，而抑郁庸儿之下。舍鸾凤之林，适枳棘之薮，竞腐鼠於踞鸱，而枉尺以直寻哉！</p><p>“且大贤之状也至拙，其为味也甚淡，萧然自足，泊尔无知，知之者稀而不戚，时不能用而不闷。虽并日无藜藿之糁，不以易不义之太牢也；虽缊袍无卒岁之服，不肯乐无道之狐白也。独可散发高枕，守其所有已，绝不曲躬低眉，求其所未须也。</p><p>德薄位厚，弗交 也；名与实违，弗亲也；荣华驰逐，弗务也；豪侠奸权，弗接也；俗说细辨，不答也；胁肩所赴，弗随也。貌愚而志远，面垢而行洁。确乎若嵩岱，铨衡所不能测也；浩乎若沧海，斗斛所不能校也。峻其重仞之高，隐其百官之富。观彼佻窃，若草莽也。邈世之操，眇焉冠秋云之表；遗俗之神，缅焉栖九玄之端。虽穷贱，而不可胁以威；虽危苦，而不可动以利。</p><p>“其所业尚，可闻而不可尽也；其所执守，可见而不可论也。故疾之者，齐声而侧目；爱之者，寡弱而无益。亦犹撮壤不能填决河，升水不能殄原火。於是鼖鼓戢雷霆之音，鞉鞞恣喋鼛之响。芳蕙芟夷，臭鲍佩御。玄鬯倾弃而不羞，醨酪专灌於圆丘。汗血驱放而垂耳，跛蹇驰骋於銮轩。此古人之所以怀沙负石，赴流鱼葬，而不堪与之同世也。已矣！悲夫！</p><p>“然捐玄黎於洿泞，非夜光之不真也，由莫识焉；投彤卢而不弯，非繁弱之不劲也，坐莫赏焉。故琼瑶俟荆和而显连城之价，乌号须逢门而著陷坚之功，飞菟待子豫而飚腾，俊民值知己而宣力。若夫美玉不出重岫，良弓不凿百札，骥騄不服朱轩，命世不履爵势，则孰知其能摅符彩之耀晔，顿云禽於千仞，骋逸迹以追风，康庶绩於百揆乎？</p><p>夫其不遇，亦得不杂糅於瓦石，钧贱於朽木，列镳於下乘，等望於凡琐哉！嗟乎！杯广棘矢而望高手於渠广，策疲驽而求继轨於周穆，放斧斤而欲双巧於班墨，忽良才而欲彝伦之攸叙，不亦难乎？名实虽漏於一世，德音可邀乎将来。乐天知命，何虑何忧？安时处顺，何怨何忧哉！</p> </div>
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